History of The discovery Timepiece (clock)

For thousands of years, various tools have been used to measure and know the time. Sexagesimal time measurement system has been known since 2000 BC in Sumer, ancient Egypt. Citizens of ancient Egypt had divided the day into twelve parts when using a large obelisk to know the movement of the sun. They also found a water clock, which probably first used in the Precinct of Amun-Re, and then they were employed by the ancient Greeks who called them clepsydrae. Shang Dynasty is believed to also use a water clock at the same time as the discovery of the watch, which is in Mesopotamia in 2000 BC. Some of the other timepiece is a clock wax (candle clock) used in China, Japan, Britain, and Iraq; stick time (time stick) is used in India and Tibet and also some areas in Europe; and hourglass (hour glass ), which serves as the water clock.
The time is very dependent on the first image produced by the sun, so it does not work so well in cloudy weather or at night. Ignore the first hour of the sun use a rotation system which transfers the rotational energy into discrete motion, discovered in China in the 8th century AD, Islam and engineers to create a pendulum clock in the eleventh century. The first mechanical clock was found in Europe in the 14th century, and became the standard clock for the entire world until the 20th century. In the 20th century, quartz oscillators have been found, and then follow the atomic clock. Quartz oscillators are easily manufactured and highly accurate. Atomic clocks are very accurate and no one can beat the accuracy. World time standard based on the atomic clock.
Some ancient civilizations based on the movements of celestial bodies, usually the moon and sun to determine the time, date, and season. Sexagesimal method now common in the west, which was found 4000 years ago in Mesopotamia and Egypt. System worked with ama found in ancient America. The first calendar may be found post-glacial era, the hunters gather sticks and bones to signify the moon phases and seasons. Stone circles like Stonehenge, which was also built some of which have the same concept in several regions of Europe that show the solstice (solstice) and the circumstances in which the sun is right on the equator (equinox).
Sundials can only point of time during the day. Sundials are the oldest in Egypt, a giant obelisk made of stone and schist, a type of metamorphic rock. Ancient Obliesk built in 3500 BC, which is also the oldest and the first clock in the world.
Water clock was first popular in Ancient Greece at the direction of Plato is also the inventor. Hours worked by water mengapungnya a substance on the water in the tank water is constantly fed continuously through a channel. In the morning, the tank is full and it would have to be rearranged. Unfortunately, the temperature at the water troubled. As you know, liquid water, including volatile substances, so that the hour of water at a time will lack of water so it is not accurate anymore. This problem is ever solved by the scientists of China, Zhang Sixun by replacing water with Mercury. He is applying on the clock tower as high as ten meters, and the clock is modified to read every quarter hour.
The first mechanical clock was made in Chang'an, by Tantric monk and mathematician, Yi Xing and government official Liang Lingzan. This clock is made to overcome the limitations of hours of water when it was popular there. The working principle is quite simple mechanical clock, which is the same as the water clock in the rotation. Only, this time using the potential energy of the spring. In one period, usually every 24 hours, the spring play and hours of spinning with a fairly complex mechanization.
Mechanical clock which uses the principle of pendulum motion and jagged wheels were first discovered by scientists of Islam Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi. Then the technology was brought to Spain and spread to every part of continental Europe with the Latin language in the book which contains about Muslim Mechanical Technology.
Hour candle is used when there is no clock that can be used to designate the time at night. No one knows exactly when the discovery of this candle clock, but the history of candle clock was first mentioned in the poem You Jiangu made in the year 520 AD which also mensiratkan use this clock in the evening. The same clock is also used in Japan until the 10th century.
Hour of incense is used after the public know that the clock is not accurate wax. Hour of incense do not use fire, but only use charcoal burning incense at the end. With a little smoke and no fire, at this kind of safe to use indoors, and also more accurate.
Astronomical clock, commonly used by astronomers at the observatory and Muslim mosques. This clock can use any type of propulsion such as hours of water (such as those made of Al Jazari in 1206) or at the driving pendulum. What distinguishes this hour with another hour's time the pointer is on the face. This clock is really referring to the movement of celestial bodies. Unlike other civilizations at that refers to the numbers that stative however the angle of the sun, this clock will refer to the same bookmarks on the same corner kemirngan sun throughout the year. So practically, this clock will point to the same point at the sun. Many ancient people, especially those living far from the equator, are confused because the sun is always rising and setting at the same time throughout the year. This clock to overcome the deficiency.
The first clock maker in medieval Europe is a Christian pastor, because the churches at that time was in desperate need of hour to pray everyday and work schedule is very tight place.
The first hour of their time in recorded history was made at a priest who would become Pope Sylvester II is installed in Magdeburg, Germany, in the year 995 AD Then, more sophisticated clock made by pastor Peter Lighfoot of Glastonbury. He made the clock ticking and the oldest still in excellent condition and are kept at the London Science Museum.
The first clock was made in medieval Europe that use advance astronomical clock is a clock made by Richard of Wallingford in the 14th century. but the hour was now no longer exists because the government was destroyed by Henry VIII in his policy of reducing the church's influence on government. But the creator explained that the clock was also predicts the position of the moon and the sun and the eclipse of the sun and moon accurately.
The first professional watchmaker came from associations Locksmith and jeweler. Watchmaking became a mass industry for several years with the advent of specialized expertise. Famous clockmaker of Versailles Julien Le Roy, who led the design of making an ornamental case. Paris and Blois is a watchmaking center in those days. Le Roy himself was the fifth-generation watchmaker in Europe. Competition has semakinketat watchmaking technology and competition as well so that the search technology and methods are more accurate in point of time.
Popular first wristwatch in 1904 by a French watchmaker, Louis cartier. He got the idea when a friend, Alberto Santos-Dumont, an aviator, asked him to make the day better when used in flight. Actually watches by Patek Philippe has been made in 1868, but only as a 'jam band' for women. Louis Cartier is only perfected and popularized the hour.
As with other technologies, watches increasingly popular as the first world war, when the battle becomes more complicated and coordination between the forces become very important.
Chronometer is a tool used in the sea journey to bookmark time based on the longitude of the earth. Not every point on earth has a clock that points the same time, and it is determined by longitude / longitude. Sea trip in desperate need of an accurate timepiece because it usually takes a considerable distance. They use a standard time when it is Greenwich Mean Time, as it is today.
Quartz timepiece is created based on years of research conducted by various scientists. Pierre and Jacques Curie in 1880 found Piezoelectrics properties of quartz crystal. The first quartz crystal oscillator was made by Walter G Cady and the first quartz clock was made by Warren Marrison and J. W. Horton at Bell Telephone Laboratories. For decades, the refinement of the quartz clock hours of experience with electronic counting devices are complicated and the vacuum tube which limits its use in various places because of the accuracy of this clock. Until in 1932 the first quartz clock, which is capable of measuring small differences in weekly average rotation of the earth, is made. World using a reference at this hour, until the reference clock clock atomic world in 1969. Seiko was the first quartz clock maker to mass. The cost of making a small and high accuracy makes this clock is widely used.
Atomic clocks are the most accurate clock in the world, with an error rate only a few seconds in a few thousand years. These clocks were first produced in 1949. used to be made based on molecular absorption lines by ammonia, but now using the velocity of the cesium atom. Cesium atomic clock error rate is one per three hundred billionths of a second per year. SI stated that one second is 9,192,631,770 rounds of radiation from the two electron spin energy levels at the standard state of the cesium 133 atom. Atomic clocks have used many materials, ranging from hydrogen and rubidium vapor. Hydrogen atomic clocks offer better stability and smaller containers, while the rubidium clock uses less energy and cost of manufacture and maintenance.